Wednesday, March 18, 2020

Voyage of the Beagle essays

Voyage of the Beagle essays Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in Shrewsbury, England and died at the Down House in Kent on April 19, 1882. Darwin spent his childhood playing at The Mount, the Darwin house. Charles was taught at home by his sister Caroline until he was eight years old. After leaving his sister he spent a year at a day school and transferred to a boarding school, the Shrewsbury School, only a mile away from The Mount. There Charles would go to work until age sixteen, when his father sent him to the University of Edinburgh to learn and work with medicine. Darwin spent a lot of time working and collecting, hunting, and naturalizing instead of utilizing and learning medicine. It was there that he first learned to study and collect beetles. After two years, it was obvious that Darwin did not want to become a doctor, so with the help of his father, Darwin transferred to the University of Cambridge to study for the clergy of the Anglican Church. At the Church he became friends with the old er botanist John Henslow. In no time at all, he was a regular visitor at Henslow's house, rubbing shoulders with fellow undergraduates and more senior members of the university's scientific community, including the Reverend Professors Adam Sedgwick and William Whewell. Darwin attended Henslow's field trips attentively, and was soon taking long, almost daily walks with his tutor. After graduating, in 1831, Darwin was offered a position on board the HMS Beagle, a ship that was mapping the coast of South America on a two or three year voyage around the world. He eagerly accepted the opportunity and spent the next five years on board, taking copious notes and sending thousands of samples and specimens back to Henslow in England for safe- keeping. When Darwin returned to England he found that Henslow and other geologists, zoologists, and botanists were fascinated by the specimens he had collected. He spent the next ten years cataloging and describing the disc...

Monday, March 2, 2020

The Ins and Outs of the Madreporite

The Ins and Outs of the Madreporite The madreporite is an essential part of the circulation system in echinoderms. Through this plate, which is also called a sieve plate, the echinoderm draws in seawater and expels water to fuel its vascular system. The madreporite functions like a trap door through which water can move in and out in a controlled manner. Composition of the Madreporite The name of this structure came from its resemblance to a genus of stony corals called madrepora. These corals have grooves and many small pores. The madreporite is made of calcium carbonate and is covered in pores. It also looks grooved like some stony corals.   Function of the Madreporite Echinoderms dont have a circulatory system of blood. Instead, they rely on water for their  circulatory system, which is called a water vascular system. But the water doesnt flow freely in and out - it flows in and out through a valve, which is the madreporite. Cilia beating in the pores of the madreporite bring the water in and out.   Once the water is inside the echinoderms body, it flows into canals throughout the body. While water can enter a sea stars body through other pores, the madreporite plays an important part in maintaining the osmotic pressure needed to maintain the sea stars body structure. The madreporite also may help protect the sea star and keep it functioning properly. Water drawn in through the madreporite passes into   Tiedemanns bodies, which are pockets where the water picks up  amoebocytes, cells that can move throughout the body and help with different functions.    Examples of Animals With a Madreporite Most echinoderms have a madreporite. Animals in this phylum include sea stars, sand dollars, sea urchins and sea cucumbers. Some animals, like some large species of sea stars, may have multiple madreporites. The madreporite is located on the aboral (top) surface in sea stars, sand dollars, and sea urchins, but in brittle stars, the madreporite is on the oral (bottom) surface. Sea cucumbers have a madreporite, but its located inside the body. Can You See the Madreporite? Exploring a tide pool and find an echinoderm? If youre looking to see the madreporite, it is probably most visible on sea stars.  The madreporite on a  sea star  (starfish) is often visible as a small, smooth spot on the sea stars upper side, located off-center. It is often made up of a color that contrasts with the rest of the sea star (e.g., a bright white, yellow, orange, etc.). Sources Coulombe, D.A. 1984. The Seaside Naturalist. Simon Schuster. 246pp.Ferguson, J.C. 1992. The Function of the Madreporite in Body Fluid Volume Maintenancy by an Intertidal Starfish, Pisaster ochraceus. Biol.Bull. 183:482-489.Mah, C.L. 2011.  Secrets of the Starfish Sieve Plate Madreporite Mysteries. The Echinoblog. Accessed September 29, 2015.Meinkoth, N.A. 1981. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Seashore Creatures. Alfred A. Knopf: New York.